ET Books

A fascinating look at a way of life that was drastically changed by the time
the author returned 10 years later.

Laurence Wylie took his wife, and two small children to live in the small Provencal village of Roussillon (which he calls Peyrane) in 1950. It was a world so far removed from the modern romantic perception of Provence as an idyll. It was a world slowly trying to shake off the defeat of the Second World War, which had so closely followed the awful bleeding of the First. Psychologically, many of the citizens were still defeated; they refused to plant fruit trees, which would take 5-6 years to yield a crop, fearing they would be destroyed in the interim by Russia and the United States who would use their country as a battleground in the Third. It was still a time of poverty and want, and the peasants would shoot sparrows for food.

Wylie includes only one statistical chart in the entire book- three "snap shots" of the town's population, by age group, over a hundred year period. In that period, 1851 to 1946, the population declined by almost 50%. There were numerous contributing factors: the rise of industrialization, improved transportation, silkworm diseases, phylloxera, which destroyed the vineyards, decline in the use of ochre in paint and, of course, the First World War. Each had a significant impact on village life that an outsider tends to view as "static."

There is a scene in the movie "Dr. Zhivago" in which the Field Commander Strinlikov asked Zhivago why he traveled with his wife and children - was it to reduce suspicion on him, who might be engaged in "counter revolutionary" activities? Likewise, the presence of Wylie's family was significant in overcoming the prejudice and suspicion of even the most doctrinaire communists - of no small importance in this strongly anti-clerical region. By becoming part of village life, he was able to complete a most effective sociological portrait, covering the major aspects of life, in a charmingly anecdotal manner. First, he locates the village in time and space (I've wondered why he insisted on the "ruse" of naming Roussillon Peyrane when he identifies it so clearly anyhow, including a map! of the town). Then in following chapters he discusses the phases of a human's life, starting in infancy through schooling, adolescences, marriage, setting up a household, making a living, and concluding with old age. He also focuses on communal activities in "getting along with others," the community's relationship with the outside world, the life of the café, community celebrations and organizations.

Even with his very best intentions, Wylie is still of the American culture. That is pointedly brought home in an anecdote about the meter reader. First Wylie describes how very little electricity they use - and how low they keep the heat - only to have the meter reader chuckle, shake his head, and proclaim that only the school and the café used more electricity. When I rented a gite in nearby Cabannes in 1989 I thought I was the ultimate conserver of electricity; the gite's owner read the meter, and went "oye"... yes, it was a case of the Americans who "gaspiller" - waste - a topical subject now that gas is at $4 a gal in the USA, and China and India see no reason why they cannot have a Western living standard.

In the epilogue section Wylie discusses his return visits to "Peyrane" after ten and twenty-five year periods. Conditions in the village improved far beyond the wildest hopes of the inhabitants of 1950. Perhaps the most stunning revelation to Wylie was realizing that Samuel Beckett had lived quietly in the village as a refuge during the Second World War. During his two years of residence there, no one had told him - it was only when he returned to the USA, and was reading "Waiting for Godot" and there was a passage about Bonnelly's farm in Roussillon... Later, he was able to confirm this with the residents. Supposedly Beckett was inspired to write the play as he waited for a ride on the N-100, to travel the 3 km up to the village. I too have been visiting Roussillon, frequently, over an almost 20 year period, and have seen the village transformed into a chic holiday destination - they even have installed railings along the top of the ochre cliffs!

For the first time visitor, or the "recidivist," this is the first book I would recommend for a thorough reading, for the much deeper insights it will give of the life of Provence.

This delightful book presents life in a village in Southern France in the 1950's. Author and former Harvard Sociologist Laurence Wylie traveled to ¨Peyrane¨ (Rousillon) France to write this book about the culture and lifestyles of village residents. Readers see how the men worked and relaxed at the local cafe, how women tended their homes (most were housewives), and how adolescents were reminded to ¨have fun¨ before entering adulthood. We also get the views and attitudes of residents, which included loyalty towards their village and annoyance with the national government. The author captures the sights, sounds, and feel of this charming village in a simpler time. This book was written shortly after Nazi occupation ended and as the economic miracle was starting to lift living standards in Europe. Wylie returned later to write a follow-up, and shows the changes wrought by increased prosperity and television. This delightful book reads more like a novel than a sociological study.

For those interested in a thoughtful, genuine look at day-to-day life in rural France in the post-World War II 1950's era, this is a delightful book. It is the story and reflections of a noted Harvard sociologist whose family spent a year in the small village of Rousillon in Provence (in the book, he gives it another name to protect the locals' privacy), observing and commenting on village life. It is not a glib, quick laugh -- rather the lively reflection of a thoughtful participant and talented writer. It may be an eye opener to realize just how rural life was not all that long ago in this part of France. There are delightful pictures as well, with scenes that can be recognized by the modern visitor to Rousillon. The end of the book includes the author's reflections on subsequent visits in later years.

Laurence Wiley,a former professor of sociology at Harvard,wrote this wonderful little book in the 1950's. This charming examination of life in the town of Rousillon(which he calls Peyrane to protect it's privacy)captures the the character of French life in the postwar recovery period.As a reader you will be transported back in time to a simpler life among the hill towns of Provence.Laurence gives us the facts about the history of the town,and from where the people came (surprisingly it was a transient population).He tells us about how they are brought up,educated,their adolescent times,their whole lives.There are many delightful personalities in this book-you will enjoy it.I just hope someone will use it for a movie one day.

His title is poignant--it could mean, "Why am I discriminated against just for being black?" or it could mean, "Why did God single me out for such stardom and an extraordinary life?" Both of these themes weave throughout the book. Sammy was part of a show-biz trio with his father and "uncle" Will Mastin. He began performing at a very young age, and these two kind men managed to shelter him against racism until he entered the Army. Then, literally from day one, he faced the worst of racial hatred and ostracism, which lasted well into his famous years. He had his nose broken three times. He could play in a Las Vegas club, but had to find accommodations elsewhere. He could not enter the casinos where he played. When he married the blonde and beautiful May Britt, there were still states that had miscegenation on the books, so they could not travel together legally. But little short, one-eyed Sammy was determined to beat the odds. "If I'm a star," he figured, "I can break down these doors." But he didn't have an easy time of it. The whites thought he was too black, and the blacks thought he was too Uncle Tom. He was all set to perform at JFK's inauguration, when he was suddenly "uninvited." He became personal friends with MLK, Jr. and RFK, only to see them gunned down. His marriage to May died because he was the "always on" guy, drinking and whoring and never there for their three kids. He HAD to live up to his "swinger" image, and he felt that stardom was the only hedge against his being deemed a second-class citizen. He then met Altovise, a black woman whom he married. It seems as though she had a much better tolerance for his over-the-top lifestyle than May did. But he still ended up $1M in arrears to the IRS, which he eventually paid off. (He was always good at earning money, but even better at spending it.) He was a brilliant star, good at singing and dancing. telling jokes, and playing the trumpet and drums. Frank Sinatra was his lifelong friend, giving him breaks and encouraging him every step of the way. And Sammy championed RFK as the best president that we could have had during our times for civil rights. This book ends four years before his death, but the cause of death was throat cancer--too much singing and smoking and drinking killed him in the end. But what a ride!

Fascinating personal account of show business, racism, politics and famous personalities from the 40s to the 80s. Shows how excess (Sammy) or even the appearance of excess (Dean Martin) is useful (necessary?) for the publicity that makes one a star.

In simple, down-to-earth prose, the late Sammy Davis, Jr. tells his moving life story, from playing cheap theatres in the 1920s South as a five-year-old with his uncle, to the magnificent fame he achieved decades later. Before he became universally beloved, Davis had to endure, and overcome, brutal bigotry. The best line of the book is when he asks, "How do you kill an idea?" His answer: "With a better idea." Go read it.

I really enjoyed this book, I had no idea what the blacks in the US had to go through, having grown up in Australia. Sammy had a big chip on his shoulder which he carried throughout his life but it is understandable when you read what he went through. This isn't just a boring story of a star's life, it is a fascinating look at racism, politics, being rich beyond your dreams and in debt for millions - a great read.

Mr Davis'is revealed to be much more than performer. We find Sammy to be an activist, comedian, swinger, a great human being. His friendship with Frank Sinatra is shown to be pivotal in his giving up drugs. Another laugh and cry book.

After wasting my eight bucks to see AVP in the theaters, I caught myself constantly wondering why they didn't use this story? It is brilliant and a classic. The storyline is so much better than what was presented on film.
The idea of having a film take place in the same time period as the Alien movies is much more appealing than the whole undiscovered Antartic temple crap. On top of that, the graphic novel was full of non-stop action whereas in the film, there was only about twenty minutes worth of action in the whole thing.

Anyway. . . .this will be one of the greatest graphic novels that you will ever own. The story is brilliant, the art work worthy and the feeling of staisfaction when finished reading it excellent.
Get it before they are no longer available.

This was as you may know the mini- series that stared it all.AVP is going to be known as a dark horse cult-classic. Well any way the story begins on a human ranching colony on a desert planet named ryushi when an unknown ship breaches the atmosphere and lands near the gazeing ground of some type space cattle the ranchers rease.The ship starts placing alien eggs every where. Then the cattle get facehugged.When the round comes time the cattle become sick, hours later aliens are hacthing and startin a hive. soon after wards predators show up, kill a family all but a little boy and two people go missing and catlle are dying left and right.the colony build up baracads and get the only weapons they have. But the predators get through and start killing colonists and start killing aliens. This was a great stroy and a must buy for your colllection.

W A R N I N G:
This comic book is exactally like the book Aliens vs. predator: Prey. I recommend that you read the novel before the comic, or you will not understand a lot of it. I liked the book much more than the comic because there is more detail and a better understanding. read the book first folks!

This comic is awesome. It has Aliens, Predators, humans, and guns. Chestburster action also. The movie is set way in the future. The predators have now captured Alien Queens so she can make eggs. Then, the Predators put the eggs in an area on a planet where there's life that can get impregnated by the Face Huggers. Then, the predators go and hunt the Aliens. But, something goes wrong on one of these trips. The ship carrying the eggs explodes, the Aliens are let on the loose, they invade a humanized colony, bad stuff happens, people die, The main protagonist who happens to be a Predator is introduced, and stuff happens. Awesome comic, and a must have.

The best companion to one of the most fascinating collection of tales in history. Irwin's work is also a great socio-political study of both the times that The Arabian Nights was written in and the times that it was finally translated into the west. If you have the The Arabian Nights and this book then I highly recommend Irwin's other book, Night & Horses & the Desert: An Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature, and Edward Said's Orientalism.

This is one of the more interesting companion books I have read. It goes into great detail of the history and the formation of the 1001 Nights collection, and provides an interesting window into Arabic culture. However, one thing I found to be really interesting is that the 1001 tales of Arabic culture were primarily oral tales. The professional storytellers who would tell these books would have manuscript versions which they would use as notes, so there were no official versions--each telling would be elaborated and expanded on depending on the audience. The version that we are familiar with in the west was formalized in France in the 17th century, and may have more relevance to the European expectations of Arabic culture than to Arabic culture itself. In fact, several tales which appear in the European version do not appear in any Arabic manuscripts and may have been written by Europeans to fill the demand for fantastic tales. Overall, this book is quite interesting and I really recommend this to those who would like to see how a lose collection of oral tales becomes a work of literature.

The history of the Arabian Nights (1001 Nights) is often appended to the various translations available. They tend to be brief and often reflect the focus of the editor and/or translator. The Arabian Nights: A Companion by Robert Irwin is very substantial. The author often makes conclusions but always includes the thoughts of those with whom he disagrees. This is a must for anyone who really enjoys this collection of stories and will be rewarded by its fascinating history and the history of its translation...almost as enjoyable as the stories themselves.

As someone who loved the "Arabian Nights" since childhood, I eagerly read this book as well. For the most part, I wasn't disapointed. It does a wonderful job of setting the scene, discussing its origins, its distortions, and showing how the stories relate to medieval Arabian life. I was particularly impressed with the section discussing the connections between various story collections in both Asia and Europe. In short, this book helps the reader better understand this complex (and often confusing)work. The chapters are all clearly laid out and well argued, and the book as a whole is easy to read. He has complex ideas, but is able to communicate them fluidly.

One idea I would challenge, however. I believe the scholars who argue that the more "complete" manuscripts probably arose from increased European interest in it. It makes sense that writers would add filler to reach 1001 nights in response to consumer demand.

An interesting read for fans of "Arabian Nights."

Fears, real and imagined, are a central and powerful theme in the life and minds of preschoolers. This book covers this theme for them with grace and beauty. I have read this book to many preschool aged children in my class, and without exception, every child has enjoyed it. That is a tough thing to accomplish. I believe the topic content paired with the BEAUTIFUL AND DELIGHTFUL WORDPLAY are the keys to this books success with its audience. This book artfully uses rhyme(...bear, there, in it's lair, under the stairs...), alliteration (...bananas, bacon, and bread...) and onomatopoeia (...wham, bang, thump!), to tell this story and entertain.

There is a horror lurking under little William's basement stairs - a hungry grizzly bear with a taste for little boys and an unnatural interest in their toys. Worst of all, William must deal with this horror on his own, as he lacks the hard evidence needed to alert his parents. Since this is no 'Home Alone', appeasement is William's only way to avoid becoming its next lunch. Ultimately these efforts backfire and draw a new character into the struggle just in time for the final showdown.

Author Helen Cooper possesses a rare insight into children's minds and the childhood world. She knows their twilight places and the monsters that haunt them. And as her other successful works (such as 'The Boy Who Wouldn't Go to Bed') demonstrate, she is particularly adept at depicting those places in rich, colourful pastels, and from the perspective of small children (we see much of William's world at doorknob height and some adults mainly from the neck down). She is also great when it comes to drawing little boys and bears and their families. The piece de resistance comes in the page illustrating William's ultimate nightmare fantasy, a Boschian garden of unearthly delights starring a hot-tubbing, cross-dressing, pancake-flipping, walkman-dancing, TV-watching, electric-train borrowing, bannister-sliding bear in full rampage.

Like the Ahlbergs' 'Peepo', Cooper's illustrations contain some of the most richly humourous explorations of the issue of subjective perception that I have seen in a children's book. Not only is there the obvious question of what does William really see down there, we also get to share the bear's perspective on William and his world (not flattering).

Were there an academy award for best character in this book, the bear would win hands down. This is not to take anything away from William, but there is something powerful in that bear's face that defies quick categorization. This is no teddy bear. He's got an edge, a face that could indeed take a bite out of a little boy. To make matters worse, we often see that bear in an annoyed, even hostile state, as William's frantic attempts at appeasement bomb out big time. Yet in the final showdown there is something indefinable about that bear that grabs our sympathies by the throat. Perhaps in banishing this bear, this archetype of primal childhood fears, the hero is also banishing a fundamental and irretrievable part of childhood itself.

If your reading audience consists of those who insist on starting at the copyright notice and earlier, be forewarned, this book will vindicate all their prejudices, as it features key illustrations both on the title page and after the text has trimphantly concluded. These (and particularly the look on his face!) suggest that reports that the bear has been permanently vanquished may be greatly exaggerated.

This book deserves to be recognized as a classic for 4- to 8-year-olds.

Our "Bears" unit will be complete with sharing this story with my Head Start children in their classroom. Will fit in very nicely with our favorite stuffed animal and then all children can make one to take home

Getting and keeping the attention of eighteen 4 and 5 year old children is no mean task, The Bear under the Stairs, had them riveted, All of them. And at the end of the story the best accolade ever, expressed in three wounderful words, " Again teacher again." Barbara A Lawless. (Nursery Teacher, The Infant School. Bahrain .)

As a three year old, my horse was kicked by another horse. Her right foreleg was unusable and she was practically paralized. We decided to put her down, but she wanted to live, so a therapist gave her laser treatment. She is still with us, now almost 11 years old. Two years ago she developed severe back problems, had a shortened stride and went lame. Last year she could almost not walk anymore and has severe muscle problems. Several therapists tried to help her, most of them could not not. Shiatsu helped her a little, but the only one that showed spectacular progress after just one treatment was a therapist practising the Jack Meagher method. I wanted to know more about the method, so I bought the book. It is great!

Wonderful Teacher! Much to be learned using the simple rules and calculations that Jack explains in depth. Only downer is the fact that the book is only available as a combed binder issue and not a hardcover bound publication.

This is a fabulous book that every horse owner should have. It has saved me hundreds of $$$ in chiropractic and massage therapy bills. I have recommended it to owners, instructors, and trainers complaining about horse performance issues. In every case the book helped.

I read this book over 15 years ago. I wanted to see if I could get another copy as mine was stolen (it was so good). Helped me a lot with horses. As I heard that Jack Meagher died last week, I thought I would look for it. I think I only paid $15 for my paperback copy years ago and would not suggest anyone pay $70 for this book but it was very good. The price is so high I think because of recent demand due to the author's death. I will keep looking rather than purchase a copy here.

An interesting format of letters back between friends about service on a board. I believe it's best read after other more structured infomation on the roles and functions of a board, then round out your perspective and understanding with this fine work. Very short, an easy read.

Truly an enjoyable, profitable read with many treasures for the one seeking advice on non-profit or volunteer boards.

This is packaged in letter form of author writing advice to a friend about such board memberhsip and leadership.

Just a few of the many gleans one will get: "the board does have obligations in the short term, but the future, with certain expectations, comes first"; "desigining an agenda by following the lines of a bell curve"; "one of the great time wasters for any group is the routine of giving progress reports when there's been no progress"; and the wonderful story of the postmaster who would not be bothered out of a meeting until he heard it was to receive thanks.

One reading this wants to be on any board that Max is on. Also, to invoke some of his wisdom tenderly yet passionately given in this work. Buy one for yourself and all members on your board. It will bring more joy to the member and more service to the organization.

Called to Serve is recommended reading by all YMCA staff who work with policy making volunteers. It is designed as "letters to a friend" and covers the why, how and what in working with volunteers/boards in a conversational way. It is not overwhelming, nor does it get into a lot of governance issues. It leads you to understand the meaning and purpose of volunteerism and many, many lessons as to roles of volunteers, meeting development, strategic planning, effective committees, etc. I highly recommend it!

De Pree's latest addition to his leadership books such as best-selling Leadership is an Art, Leadership Jazz, and Leading without Power, has turned his vast experience with non-profit boards into a helpful volume about creating an effective volunteer board. The book covers generalities like the expectations of board and staff, as well as specifics like how to construct an agenda. De Pree gets as specific as stating, "The chairperson should not permit anyone to read to the board." Amen to that! The book can be read quickly, referenced easily, and would help create basic principles and expectations for the board. Anyone working with a volunteer board would do well to provide a copy for each board member.

Frederick Dellaenbaugh was a young man when John Wesley Powell tapped him to participate in Powell's second trip down the Colorado River. Powell had made the journey already a few years before, so the second voyage was less pure exploration and more science; the crew included Almon Harris Thompson (called affectionately "Prof." throughout), a professional geographer who also happened to be Powell's brother-in-law. With several boats and men of widely varying experience, the expedition sailed the Green river (thought at that time to be the upper Colorado) to its junction with the Colorado, and the Colorado itself as far as the middle of the Grand Canyon. Swirling rapids, maggotty food, blistering heat, sudden blizzards beset the adventurers, who still though it all made their geographical, geological, and ethnographical observations which resulted in (among other things) the first maps of the four corners region and the Grand Canyon (reproduced in the book).
While wild adventure, humor, and a real sense of the Old West permeate the book, there is a certain sadness, too. The Native Americans whom Dellenbaugh encounters are people clearly already defeated -- fearful, distrusting, sad. We catch glimpses of the Navaho trying to accommodate themselves to the new reality of white (especially Mormon) settlement, creating new networks of trade focused on growing frontier towns. But the seeds of the end are planted already in the irrigated fields of the Mormon settlers, and sometimes it seems as if the natives knew this too. Also, the topography through which the explorers travelled has now partly vanished behind the dams that have ruined Glen Canyon and other stretches of white water and canyon scenery. No one can now do what Dellenbaugh and his companions did; the sense of loss hovers unintentionally about every page.
Dellenbaugh was a keen observer (though perhaps a bit naive) with a talent for making even the monotony of running rapid after rapid spellbinding. One does feel that he may have veiled some of the conflicts that must have arisen in two (non-continuous) years of isolation, though if so this trait is refreshing in a world where we now expect everyone to tattle on everyone else. Every now and then just a shimmer of impatience with one of the crew seeps through. But the real hero who emerges from this book, somewhat surprisingly, is not the leader Powell -- the young Dellenbaugh seems never to have gotten close to him -- but rather the Prof., who rises to every challenge with decency and humaneness, and of whom Dellenbaugh seems to have been genuinely, and for good reason, in awe. Like Powell he is buried in Arlington Cemetery. He deserved that honor, but where he lives is in the pages of this book.

Love and respect for the Green and Colorado Rivers is greatly enhanced by Dellenbaugh's narritive of the 2nd Powell expadition. Well written, accurate history, and spell binding from start to finish. An adventure that can only be partially accomplished today is TOTALLY available in "A Canyon Voyage!"

This is an exceptionally well written account of a wonderful adventure through the canyons of the Colorado River. For anyone who loves the West's wildness, and writing most sensitive and humorous, this is a "must read". This book is illustrated with many fine original photographs and etchings.

At the time of the 2nd voyage down the Colorado, Dellenbaugh was on about 19 years old. He didn't write the book until many years later. What a wonderful/spellbinding look at the most beautiful place in North America (The Colorado Plateau). Not only that but I found it extremely hunorous as well. Great Great book!!!

I have recently purchased the latest edition to replace my well-thumbed earlier edition. Platzer boxes far above its weight. Every page contains a gem. And it fits in your pocket! The new colour additions are great and the price... It's a must.

This is the book to have when you are in anyway keeping in touch with human body. The earlier versions had lack of infomation and they were much harder to use. This has more colourfull pages and more pages than the earlier versions and it is easy to carry cos' it's so small. I'm recomending you to buy it if you're in any need of information about human struckture.

This is one of a great series. I like them all..Easy to use...easy to carry. My volume 2 is over 20 years old. I hope to have this one as long.

One of the most useful books I have encountered to take me beyond entry-level muscular anatomy. The wonderful illustrations are clearly labeled. I use it often in my teaching.

I have read the book and it is very easy to follow and very accurate. I have actually had the opportunity to work with one of the authors, Todd Halpin. It is good to know that this book was written by someone who has actually done the stuff. Todd is very smart and he knows his stuff. I would recommend this book to anyone.

*****

Primetime

My stock advice for those preparing for certification is to "get the Exam Cram". If you are planning to take the new A+ tests, however, and you have even the slightest bit of experience, then this book is far superior for a variety of reasons:

1. Better Organization. The Exam Cram is laid out in a conceptual order ideal for beginners - you start at the motherboard and gradually work outside the computer, you start at DOS and progressively upgrade to Windows 2000. But that's what the thousand page study guides are for - these books are supposed to help you CRAM for the EXAM. The Exam Notes are instead patterned directly after CompTIA's objectives, making it far easier to locate information on your weak areas when studying for the tests.

2. Appropriate Detail. The Exam Cram provides a scant 20 pages on networking (though it makes up 10-15% of each exam) and less on laser printers (typically, an uncomfortable area of study), but reprints almost all of the Windows 3.1 information from the first edition despite the new test objectives! In contrast, these Exam Notes contain an excellent introduction to basic networking concepts, a fully illustrated review of the EP process, and far less "historical data".

3. Overall Quality. The latest version of the Exam Cram still contains an almost useless motherboard diagram, disjointed discussions of barely related technologies (see Chapter 7), and some truly unforgivable factual errors (see page 401). This book provides stark contrast with actual photos of things you should be able to visually identify, better focus on current test objectives, high accuracy, and IT EVEN COSTS LESS!

Coriolis produces useful study guides, but Sybex got them this time. Mr. Jones and Mr. Landes have a fine test prep product on audio cassette, but this is, in my opinion at least, the best in print.

Great introduction. The authors write beautifully about their background and the tributes are wonderfull.

The text maps directly to the CompTIA Domains and that is great. The content is a bit "light on". I found some areas were glossed over.
The hardware was better than the OS, much better!

I passed the HW exam but did NOT make the new ADAPTIVE 222 OS exam! I did use other material for my study. None of the material was adequate for the new OS exam.

Perhaps an "Adaptive Edition" would be a required book? The book proberbly only deserves 3 stars for content but gets 4 for the presentation and organisation. Even if I had passed I would rate it as I have.

Of the three books I used this was the easiest to use!

If you are looking for a review text that looks at each and every Comptia A+ objective for both tests, buy this book. No fluff or extras, just every single objective reviewed and briefly explained. Well written and to the point, it also reviews terminology, concepts, and step-by-step procedures vital to passing the newest and toughest A+ exams. What I was most thrilled about is the good coverage given to the Operating Systems portion. This is the absolute toughest test of the two and the information reviewed here is essential to pass the test.