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Study skillsReview Date: 2008-08-22
great productReview Date: 2008-04-27
So helpfulReview Date: 2008-04-26
Helpful BookReview Date: 2008-01-24
Good for teaching study skills...Review Date: 2008-02-14

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But whose grand strategy was it?Review Date: 2008-05-25
What I see is that Parker tries to evaluate El Prudente based upon Parker's apparently modern, non-catholic, and generally unspiritual worldview.
If I were to try to find Philip's grand strategy, I would look at these as starters:
He attempted to introduce mathematics training in towns throughout Spain, and supporting all manner of scientific thrusts. This was part of his strategy to enlighten his realms and people.
He supported Saint Teresa of Avila and such movements as hers for intense spiritual virtue in the monasteries. This was part of his strategy to spiritualize and enlighten his realms and people, and combat mindless materialism.
He worked to bring justice and end crime throughout his realm, with great effectiveness.
He worked to keep the Calvinist legions out of Spain and thwarted their inroads, which would have led to civil war and the deaths of thousands.
He supported all manner of artists including Titian in fostering beauty and philosophical perspectives in his realms.
He worked to bring Christianity to the new world and just treatment to the people's there. He did well, or at least as best he could considering his resources and limited influence in New Spain, though not without some unfortunate errors. [If he had take some actions there would have been serious general rebellions in New Spain, and he could well have lost all influence.]
He worked successfully to keep the Muslim's from over-running Europe. This was part of his strategy to guard his people and civilization against those who would destroy it.
Part of his grand strategy of life was to be a good father, and he did well in that regard. No man is a failure who does such.
His striving to conquer his personal weakness, to make his life conform to a Christ-like pattern and spiritual principles as he saw them, this is also an important aspect of evaluating a person.
Thus, Philip strategized in other ways and fostered many positive cultural/religious. The fact that they did not take hold was not remotely in his control.
I see it as a modern, Calvinistic influenced world-view that judges things disproportianately by the "geo-political" and economic viewpoint, and devalues other aspects of life. It also devalues the motives and love which a person puts into their work, all in obeisance to "the bottom line."
Regarding his management work, there are many cases where Philip's micro-management and waiting as long as possible ['until an elephant steps on your foot'] led to excellent decisions.
Further, one might ask what would have been the result if Philip had NOT micro-managed things like Lepanto? Walsh shows how it would not have gone well.
It is fine to blithely say "delegate" but who was he to delegate to? Alba? He was not balanced to make such decisions? Margaret? Too weak and influenceable. Parma turned down the offer to go the Netherlands before it went to Alba.
I would say that in the things that Philip actually could control he did very well. He was not at his best when dealing with dishonest rulers such as Elizabeth and her pirates, nor with duplicitous characters generally. And sometimes his fervor for good led to impractical policies.
I would give Philip an A- overall.
An A++ for effort and motive.
one of the best history books out thereReview Date: 2006-10-14
History that illuminates the near past and presentReview Date: 2001-06-06
Parker starts with a discussion on the strategic culture surrounding Philip, to include his "strategic inheritence" from his father, Charles V, the massive information network over which Philip presided (and the irresistable temptation to micro-manage), and the 'messianic imperialism' context that was of Philip's own making.
Messianic imperialism is the backbone for the rest of the book, which deals with the formation and the execution of grand strategy. Parker clearly evaluates Philip's strategy v. the Dutch and the English. For reasons that he explained early in his preface, the Mediterranean theater gets shorter coverage, but it is clear that the Med. concerns were never far from Philip's mind. The French Huguenots also don't get as detailed treatment as they could have gotten, but Parker's summation of the results of Philip's policy towards France is still satisfying.
Parker makes many allusions to strategic and policy issues of the recent past, and it is clear that Philip's problems were not all the different in scope, if not in scale, than those faced by political and military leaders today. Philip's inability to discipline himself to focus on one event to see it through to completion, his inabiltiy to keep himself from micromanaging decisions from over 600 miles away, and his inability to see past his divine mission to perceive reality will all strike familiar chords.
Bottom line: Great history, great interpretation, great analysis. It has got to be a classic in the field.
A rare bookReview Date: 2007-01-11
Geoffrey Parker very much wrote this book in response to Paul Kennedy's poor treatment of Philip II and the decline of the Spanish empire in Kennedy's enormously popular and influential 1987 book "The rise and fall of the Great Powers." On the surface, Parker seeks to refute the conventional academic wisdom that Philip II had no grand strategy in any sense of the term. While the issue of "grand strategy" is discussed throughout, the book really revolves around Philip's planned 1588 invasion of England, which featured the legendary Spanish Armada and ended in utter catastrophe before it really began.
The book is broken into three more-or-less equal components. The first section offers a fascinating overview of the world Philip lived in and the unmanageable world of paperwork and decision-making that he created for himself. Parker is none too kind to Philip in this book. Most of the challenges and failures of Philip's half-century reign Parker attributes to Philip's insistence on the centralization and compartmentalization of all information and decision-making (Parker openly compares his style and system to that of Hitler). Parker suggests that if Philip had been born 500 years later in similarly privileged circumstances, he might have been an awful CEO of a family-owned business. One of his great faults, in Parker's estimation, was his "zero-defects mentality" - the fear of failure that so dominated his actions that it paralyzed his ability to act on anything but certain knowledge.
Parker describes stunning scenes of Philip working 18-hours-a-day like some Wall Street attorney, hunched over a mountain of papers and embroiled in the most arcane details of imperial appointments and financial management (of which he had little understanding).
Much has been made of the long time it took for messages to travel from place to place in the 16th century. Parker argues that it was more the uncertainty of communications that presented the truly vexing problem of the age, not necessarily the long time it took for information to travel. For instance, a message from Venice to Paris could take anywhere from one to six weeks to arrive. It was the unknown margin that led leaders to fits of despair and uncertainty. Finally, Parker raises an issue in this first section that forms a central part of his indictment against Philip II - his profound and unshakeable conviction that the mission of Spain and that of God were one in the same, and thus any obstacle or shortfall could be overcome by the miraculous intervention of the Lord himself, a phenomenon that Parker calls "messianic imperialism." The issue of religion - Catholic vs. Protestant - trumped all other considerations and Philip consistently and confidently undertook any effort that involved upholding or reclaiming the faith with the sincere expectation of a Moses-parting-the-Red-Sea style miracle to carry him to victory.
The second section is a review of the situation in the Netherlands and foreign relations with England's Elizabeth Tudor. As background, these chapters are necessary and highly informative, but they aren't nearly as absorbing and exciting to the layman as the first and final sections.
The third and final section offers a focused treatment of the question: "Why did the Armada fail?" For contemporary strategists, this section is by far the most compelling. He addresses in turn the three topics most often cited as the reasons for the failure of the Armada to link with the ground forces under the duke of Parma in the Netherlands and then to launch the cross channel conquest of England.
First, Parker addresses the fact that the planned invasion of England was "the worst kept secret in Europe." Parker likens the intelligence situation facing Elizabeth to that of the US government before Pearl Harbor. Yes, much of the enemy's plan was compromised, but the high noise-to-signals ratio and the repeated false warnings of impending invasion meant that strategic surprise, especially the well-concealed intended landing site of Kent, was still achieved. Like the FDR administration in 1941, Elizabeth knew everything, and yet knew nothing.
Second, and perhaps most dramatically given the generally sober and academic tone of the rest of the book, Parker vigorously defends the actions and preparations of the invasion forces commander in the Netherlands, the duke of Parma. He argues that Parma achieved unparalleled logistical feats to get his 27,000-man invasion force in place and ready to embark within a day-and-a-half, so any notion that the plan failed because Parma either intentionally sabotaged the invasion or was incompetent must be rejected, if one accepts Parker's reasoning.
Finally, Parked concludes that the superior English naval capabilities - better ships, bigger guns, more effective leadership, better tactics, more experience in general - ultimately doomed the Armada and thus the invasion plans to failure. Everything hinged on the ability of the Spanish to establish sea control in the Channel to get Parma's forces to England, and the British naval superiority made that basic objective nearly impossible. The British advantage is very much described in terms that we today would refer to a "revolution in military affairs " (RMA). Indeed, Max Boot used the defeat of the Armada as one of his case studies in his recent, excellent review of the RMA argument in "War Made New." Parker writes that the Spanish fully anticipated English tactics and appreciated their advantages in long-range gunnery and maneuverability, and were simply unable to overcome them.
Parker sums up the Armada's failure and Philip's direct role in causing the disaster this way: "Philip's flawed 'management style' frustrated the Armada's success far more than the loss of secrecy, the lack of communication between the two theater commanders, and the technical differences between the two fleets. His refusal to delegate, his 'zero-defects mentality', his self-generated information overload and his messianic outlook produced grave strategic errors that rendered operational success almost impossible."
Very GoodReview Date: 2005-07-21
Philip emerges as a man with many admirable features, in some respects, a model King. Clearly intelligent and well educated, he was remarkably diligent, spending many hours per day engaged in state business and was very conscientious about his responsibilities. While his work capacity and attention waned in his later years, he was able to sustain a prodigious work load over a period of decades. If there can be said to be a heroic bureaucrat, it was Philip. Given the huge extent of the world wide empire he inherited and the wide array of challenges he faced with a relatively primitive supporting bureacracy and poor communications technologies, Philip did surprisingly well. There were, however, significant limitations, some structural, some a function of Philip's personality. The enormous diversity of the empire creates a huge variety of problems, and policies useful for on part of the empire could be destructive for other parts of the empire. The relatively primitive administrative apparatus made these conflicts difficult to reconcile. This system demanded an active and hard working autocrat at the center and while Philip did well in this role, it was simply not humanly possible for one man to shoulder the burdens he assumed. As Parker makes clear, many of Philip's problems were inherent in the nature of monarchy in early modern Europe, though of greater magnitude because of the scope of the empire. Philip's personality added additional significant problems. Philip, like many autocrats, was a micromanager who had difficulty in discriminating when to delegate and when to be personally involved. This often led to inefficient formulation and execution of policy. He was also intensely pious. His dedication to orthodox Catholicism led him to policies that were sometimes counter to the pragmatic interests of the empire. This is certainly true of his failure to deal successfully with Protestantism in the Netherlands and the Dutch Revolt. His faith also led him to the conclusion that when things were uncertain, divine providence would somehow provide. This religous assurance was probably personally comforting but didn't help the Armada overcome key tactical obstacles during the attempted conquest of England.
Parker provides some comparative perspective by comparing Philip to other contemporary monarchs, particularly Elizabeth I of England. He also tries to develop a more general perspective by extracting broad lessons about executive performance. This effort has mixed success. His resort to Business school literature about efficient executives is not very informative. His broad historical comparisons are more fruitful though his attempts to differentiate his analyses from those of Paul Kennedy in The Rise and Fall of Great Powers are not entirely successful. In a couple of respects, however, I found Parker's analyses surprisingly apposite. Writing about the use of intelligence information, Parker makes the good point that decision makers under pressure, like Philip in 1587-1588, tend to interpret intelligence in a way that confirms their preconceptions, often willfully distorting potentially contradictory information. Sound familiar? Parker has a telling discussion of how Philip used diplomacy (we would now say soft power) in Italy as the most resource effective method of obtaining objectives and quotes one of Philip's administrative officials as pointing out that once you lose your diplomatic credibility, it is difficult and expensive to recover. Another familiar problem.

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Suspense not ThrillerReview Date: 2006-10-29
A Book to Make a Flight FlyReview Date: 2007-04-24
One-dimensional charactersReview Date: 2006-10-11
I didn't want it to end.Review Date: 2007-01-17
I had read other books by this author, but I was surprised by the depth of this one. International intrigue and more (I don't want to give away everything). I was also surprised to learn who the bad guys were. Great suspense...right up to the end. Not a dull sentence in the book.
The goddess of the Thriller succeeds again!Review Date: 2006-10-20

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From a Current MississippianReview Date: 2008-02-12
An interesting yet mired analysisReview Date: 2000-07-05
interested in the notion of a study devoted entirely to the state's
gay 20th century history. Unfortunately, I felt that the book lacked
focus and organization in the presentation of material. Sub-headings
of the book began focused but digressed into unrelated topics. The
shifting of person was bothersome as well. In first person, the book
was intimate. In third, it was analytical. Swinging both ways jarred
the flow terribly. Howard seemed bound by awkward ... All told, the
subject material was fascinating but lacking in a cohesive and
professional layout.
The first of its kind--and more can be done!Review Date: 2000-01-08
Intriguing and Attention KeeperReview Date: 2001-01-02
A Humane and Surprising Queer HistoryReview Date: 2000-05-24
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Great opening to a great bookReview Date: 2007-01-08
A Tree Grows In ManhattanReview Date: 2006-08-28
Sentimental tripeReview Date: 2003-10-16
19th century history buffReview Date: 2000-06-25
Like a trip back in timeReview Date: 2000-03-14

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Captivating and InformativeReview Date: 2008-07-24
Hetch Hetchy Native American story is always left out. Indians should be included.Review Date: 2006-02-25
The early owners of Hetch Hetchy Valley were Paiutes. The leader of those Paiute Indians was Captain Jim, who was a sub-chief of the Mono Lake Paiutes. Why is that never written in the story of the Native Americans of Hetch Hetchy. There is proof out there and the Yosemite National Park Service is not mentioning this fact.
When writers are doing books about Hetch Hetchy they should remember the Indians of Hetch Hetchy. The early Native American people who owned Hetch Hetchy before white settlers entered the Valley. The Mono Paiutes.
A classic of environmental historyReview Date: 2005-04-13
Excellent Research and WritingReview Date: 2005-09-14
The author manages to tell his even story in a relatively short 244 pages, including interesting chapters on the legacy of the HH controversy and the talk of restoring the valley someday, a notion which I consider very far-fetched given the costs of replacing the dam's water as well as the hydroelectric power it produces. Pleasant as the sight of the valley would be, in today's world of fighting for every public dollar and the pressure to build more electric generation, I can't imagine we would agree to this. The author admits as much, but applauds the fact that it is at least talked about.
The battle over Hetch Hetchy, told myth-freeReview Date: 2006-06-19
The biggest myth, and one that I'll admit was in my head, was that John Muir and the early Sierra Club wanted to preserve Hetch Hetchy as wilderness, with all the ideas of wilderness that we have today, whether post-Aldo Leopold or post-Wilderness Act.
Not true.
They envisioned development of the whole area, just somewhat less intensely than Yosemite Valley. In fact, a number of Sierrans openly favored building a road **up the Tuolumne Valley to the Meadows!** (Others favored building the Yosemite Valley road further up the Merced, then turning it left toward the Tuolumne Meadows as well.)
In short, to some fair degree, the battle over whether or not to damn Hetch Hetchy was a split between the "conversationist" and "preservationist" wings of early 20th century environmentalists. A minority of Sierrans supported damning Hetch Hetchy, in fact.
Meanwhile, the whole battle moved beyond environmental issues and definitions to pushing for public utilities, and San Francisco was served by both private water and private electricity at this time.
One can see the makings of an epic conflict that crossed the desks of multiple Interior secretaries before being hammered out in Congress.
And Robert Righter tells this story in detail, giving full play to San Francisco's side, including today, ever since Interior Secretary Donald Hodel first broached the idea of dam removal and brought Hetch Hetchy's history back to daylight.
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The title says it all!Review Date: 2008-10-19
Teaching WritingReview Date: 2000-09-04
excellent resource for upper-elementary writing teachersReview Date: 1998-12-05
Super teaching help!Review Date: 2006-08-11
A Good "Starter" BookReview Date: 2006-01-26
A Non-Workbook, Non-Textbook Approach to Teaching Language Arts: Grades 4 Through 8 and Up

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McKay's nation languageReview Date: 2002-12-16
In "Hard Times" McKay exhibits the range of his poetic voice by ventriloquizing a Jamaican peasant. The effective use of this device brings an undeniably intimate feel to the poem and is remarkably capable of relating the sorrow of the poor farmer depicted. The modification of Jamaican vernacular on the English language is also a portrayal of the West Indian's captivity and adaptation to a strange culture.
Not to be overlooked are poems from McKay's Harlem Shadows collection. "If We Must Die" reflect his anger at an oppressive white menace that threatens to devour his culture. Interestingly enough, Winston Churchill read the same poem to British troops during WWII in a defiant call to arms. This cross-cultural application surely reflects the broader themes of McKay's work buried in the bowels of racial conflict.
All together, McKay's nation language echoes through the entire collection and relates a stirring narrative of the struggle of a West Indian exile. Each poem uses language, whether the voice of an island peasant, or an American immigrant, to engage the reader in the poet's struggle; a compelling read.
PoetryReview Date: 2002-09-12
A good survey of McKay's work....Review Date: 2001-07-28
This collection is not just the selections about racial injustice. There are also poems about his home in Jamaica, his job in the constabulary force there, and love. Through these diverse poems, you will get a better picture of McKay and his time. There is not a lot of biographical information listed in this book.
I would recommend the book. The first few poems are written in a Jamaican dialect which may make it difficult to read the first time. I found that reading it out loud opened the meaning and pronunciation for me. It is a good read.
A diverse collection by a gifted poetReview Date: 2003-05-04
Sherman's introduction discusses the life and career of McKay, who was born in Jamaica and came to live in the U.S. A novelist and essayist as well, he died in Chicago in 1948.
Many of the poems are written in Jamaican dialect. These dialect pieces have an energetic color and musicality. Many poems also show McKay's command of standard literary English; he writes some particularly fine sonnets.
Overall, this is a rich, diverse, and technically adept collection. There are many pointedly political poems that condemn racism and economic injustice, as well as sensuous love poems. There are poems that invoke both the rural tropics and the urban north.
These poems show McKay to be a master of meter, rhyme, and other aspects of poetry; he uses considerable variety throughout the collection. His best pieces combine a burning passion with his impressive technical prowess. Consider "A Capitalist at Dinner," a cutting political sonnet with a devastating final couplet; or "Song of the New Soldier and Worker," another political piece that uses stunning imagery and masterful audio effects.
McKay uses words as both lethal weapons against the forces of injustice and as tender instruments of passionate love. He is a poet of tremendous talent, and this collection is a real treasure.
amazing poet -- limited editionReview Date: 2000-09-06
This is just one example of McKay's great poetry. Read it, whether in this edition or another. His poems add great texture, not only to the Harlem Renaissance, but to African-American culture on a whole.
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Read Along, Everyone!Review Date: 2007-09-20
I cracked open this book and dove into the rich collection of poems by Robert Frost and after a few moments, I literally felt the title hit me over the head.
"You Come Too" - an invitation.
That's what this book is like - both an invitation and a centerpiece. A collection of poems for all ages to use when they gather around for a Robert Frose read-along. You could gatehr your entire family, friends, neighbors, associates from work or clubs.... everyone of any age would enjoy these selections... from
"Fireflies in the Garden" to "The Rose Family" to the well beloved Frost classic, "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening."
My only wish is that there were more poems in it. Not bad, just wish it was a teensy bit more dense.
Entry level poetry at it's bestReview Date: 2000-04-13
A great poet of natureReview Date: 2003-07-09
Overall, this collection shows Frost's concern with nature and rural life. Many different animals and plants are celebrated: ants, cows, birch trees, etc. Many of the poems have a beautiful musical quality, and the collection as a whole shows an interesting variety of meter and rhyme schemes.
I'll just mention a few of my favorite poems. "Acquainted with the Night" is a hauntingly melancholy sonnet. "A Patch of Old Snow" well demonstrates Frost's keen observing eye and way with figurative language. "The Rose Family" has a comic playfulness that I found quite Seussian. "Fireflies in the Garden" is a humorous short poem with an interesting AAA BBB rhyme scheme. Overall, an enjoyable and rewarding collection by an essential American poet.
Always a classic choiceReview Date: 2000-04-14
TipWorld's Children's Literature reviewReview Date: 2000-05-21

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The technique works, but the book is boring !Review Date: 1998-10-21
Let go of your irrational beliefsReview Date: 2004-12-14
Lose your Anger. I did.Review Date: 2002-08-28
excellentReview Date: 1999-07-19
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